These findings indicate that self-consciousness traits extend from waking to LD and non-LD state. Self-reflection and insight were inversely associated with dream bizarreness. Besides, BD was significantly lower in LD than in non-LD. We found that 81.3% of subjects have experienced LD once or more, which is similar to findings in some western countries. Moreover, to explore the relationships of metacognition traits and BD, we also measured self-reflection and insight trait by Self-Reflection and Insight Scale. On that basis, we collected dreams of subjects who had relatively higher LD frequency and compared bizarreness density (BD) of LD and non-LD. In the present study, considering LD prevalence in Asia was rarely studied and related results in China and Japan were very different from each other, we first investigated the LD frequency of China in a standardized way. However, the difference in bizarreness between LD and non-LD was seldom explored, and individual differences were often neglected. With a different metacognition level, the bizarreness of LD would also change. Brain research has found that LD shares some common neural mechanisms with metacognition such as self-reflection. However, lucid dreaming (LD) is a type of consciousness state during which the dreamer is aware of the fact that he or she is dreaming, without leaving the sleeping state. Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Chinaĭreams are usually characterized by primary consciousness, bizarreness and cognitive deficits, lacking metacognition.
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